Modalistic Monarchianism

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Modalistic Monarchianism, also known as Modalism or Oneness Christology, is a Christian theology upholding the unipersonal oneness of God while also affirming the divinity of Jesus. As a form of Monarchianism, it stands in contrast to Adoptionism (Dynamic Monarchianism), a Christology of the divine nature of Jesus that views Jesus as not pre-existent as a distinct divine person, although empowered by God the Father through the Holy Spirit. Dynamic Monarchianism is closely associated with Adoptionism, a theology of the Godhead that argues that Jesus became God's son at a moment in time when God adopted or exalted him into divinity. The term modalism was first used by Trinitarian scholar Adolf von Harnack, referencing this belief. Modalistic Monarchianism is opposed to Trinitarianism and binitarianism. Followers of Modalistic Monarchianism consider themselves to be monotheistic in a strict sense—similar to Jews and Muslims—and they argue for no plurality of persons in the theology of God...

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