Kalam cosmological argument

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The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God, named after Kalam—or medieval Islamic scholasticism—from which many of its foundational ideas originated. Philosopher and theologian William Lane Craig was principally responsible for revitalising these ideas for modern academic discourse through his book The Kalām Cosmological Argument (1979), as well as other publications. The argument's central thesis is the finitude of the past, which illustrates that the universe, including time itself, had a definitive beginning. This structural principle is rooted in the impossibility of an infinite temporal regress, or beginningless past, distinguishing it from other cosmological arguments, such as Aquinas's Second Way, which rests on the impossibility of an infinite causal regress, and those of Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, which refer to the principle of sufficient reason. Modern discourse incorporates both philosophy and science, encompassing...

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