Federation Council (Russia)

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The Federation Council, fully the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and informally the Senate, is the upper house of the Federal Assembly, with the lower house being the State Duma. It was established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993. Members of the Council have officially held the title of senators since the adoption of the 2020 constitutional amendments. Each of the 89 federal subjects of Russia (including two annexed in 2014 and four more in 2022, which are not recognized by the international community), consisting of 24 republics, 48 oblasts, nine krais, three federal cities, four autonomous okrugs, and one autonomous oblast, sends two senators to the Council, for a base membership of 178 Senators. Following the 2020 constitutional amendments, the Constitution also provides for senators appointed by the President of the Russian Federation, which can be no more than 30 (up to seven of them for life), as well as former presidents...

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