History of Israel

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The history of Israel spans the Southern Levant, from prehistoric African migrations and the Natufian culture (c. 10,000 BCE) to the emergence of Canaanite civilization. During the Iron Age, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah formed, serving as the foundation for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The region was subsequently conquered by successive empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and Greeks. Following a century of independence under the Hasmonean dynasty, the area fell to the Roman Republic. The Jewish–Roman wars led to massive Jewish casualties and displacement, after which a Christian majority emerged under Byzantine rule. The 7th-century Muslim conquest of the Levant introduced various Islamic caliphates, followed by the Crusades, Mamluk rule, and four centuries of Ottoman administration. In the 19th century, Zionism drove increased Jewish immigration (aliyah). After World War I, Britain assumed control under the Mandate for Palestine, committing to a Jewish homeland...

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