Sarmatians

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The Sarmatians (; Ancient Greek: Σαρμάται, romanized: Sarmátai; Latin: Sarmatae [ˈsarmatae̯]) were a large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from around the 5th century BCE to the 4th century CE. The earliest known reference to the Sarmatians comes from the Avesta, where they are mentioned as Sairima-, which in later Iranian sources became Sarm and Salm. Originating in the central parts of the Eurasian Steppe, the Sarmatians formed part of the wider Scythian cultures. They started migrating westward around the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, coming to dominate the closely related Scythians by 200 BCE. At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BCE, these tribes could be found from the Danube and eastward to the Volga, bordering the shores of the Black and Caspian seas and the Caucasus to the south. In the 1st century CE, the Sarmatians began encroaching upon the Roman Empire in alliance with Germanic tribes. In the 3rd century CE,...

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