Temperature

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In classical thermodynamics and kinetic theory, temperature is a macroscopic state variable which reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, providing a quantitative measure of how energy is distributed among microscopic degrees of freedom. (In other words temperature is a measure of relative hotness or coldness.) Temperature is measured with a thermometer. Thermometers are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have relied on various reference points and thermometric substances for definition. The most common scales are the Celsius scale with the unit symbol °C (formerly called centigrade), the Fahrenheit scale (°F), and the Kelvin scale (K), with the third being used predominantly for scientific purposes. The kelvin is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units (SI). Absolute zero, i.e., zero kelvin, 0 K = −273.15 °C, or -459.67 °F, is the lowest point in the thermodynamic temperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached...

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