Dunning–Kruger effect

Epic card · No. 3514

The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that describes the systematic tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of their ability. The term may also refer to the tendency of high performers to underestimate their skills. The effect was formalized and empirically studied by the psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. In popular culture, the Dunning–Kruger effect is sometimes misunderstood as claiming that people with low intelligence are generally overconfident, instead of denoting specific overconfidence of people unskilled in particular areas. The original study by Dunning and Kruger focused on logical reasoning, grammar, and social skills. Later, the effect has been demonstrated across multiple studies in a wide range of tasks from fields such as business, politics, medicine, driving, aviation, spatial memory, examinations in school, and literacy. The effect is usually measured by comparing self-assessment with objective...

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