Bradford Hill criteria

Common card · No. 278310

In 1965 Bradford Hill presented 9 perspectives potentially contributing to evidence of a causal relationship. They are often incorrectly described as the Bradford Hill criteria, or Hill's criteria for causation. Hill's description was "nine different viewpoints from all of which we should study association before we cry causation." The group of nine principles can be useful in identifying epidemiologic evidence of a causal relationship between a potential cause and an observed effect and have been widely used in public health research. Modern interpretations of Hill's viewpoints focus on a more nuanced framing, in line with Hill's original assertion that "none of my nine viewpoints can bring indisputable evidence for or against the cause-and-effect hypothesis and none can be required as a sine qua non." Hill's nine perspectives may contribute to the true causal criteria. For both experimental and epidemiological evidence, causal criteria exist of two requirements: 1. Observing a change...

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