Candidate of Sciences
PhD-equivalent scientific degree in Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries
Candidate of Sciences
A Candidate of Sciences is a PhD-equivalent academic research degree established by the Soviet Union. Since the 1990s, it has been replaced by a Doctor of Philosophy degree in many post-soviet Central and Eastern European countries, but is still offered in others, particularly Russia. It is officially classified by UNESCO as ISCED level 8: doctoral or equivalent. In countries that confer a Candidate of Sciences degree, a more advanced degree, Doctor of Sciences, is usually conferred as a higher doctorate. The Candidate of Sciences degree may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy, usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries.
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