Demography of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire's population has been estimated at between 59 and 76 million in the 1st and 2nd centuries, likely peaking just before the Antonine Plague. Historian Kyle Harper provides an estimate of a population of 75 million and an average population density of about 20 people per square kilometer (km2) at its peak, with unusually high urbanization. During the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, the population of the city of Rome is conventionally estimated at 1 million inhabitants. Historian Ian Morris estimates that no other city in Western Eurasia would have as many again until the 19th century. Papyrus evidence from Roman Egypt suggests that like other, more-recent and thus better-documented pre-modern societies, the Roman Empire experienced high infant mortality, a low marriage age, and high fertility within marriage. Perhaps half of Roman subjects died by the age of 10; of those who survived to that age, half would die by 50. Due to migration, the ethnic composition of the city of Rome...
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