Facial feminization surgery

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Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is an umbrella term for surgical procedures that modify masculine facial features to achieve a feminine appearance using reconstructive surgery techniques. FFS is performed almost exclusively on trans women and other transfeminine individuals. While feminizing hormone therapy (using estradiol and frequently antiandrogens) can change facial appearance via fat redistribution, it cannot change masculine bone structure, such as a prominent brow ridge, wider nose, or larger chin; because of this, FFS is a medically necessary treatment and in many cases is required to treat gender dysphoria. The procedures performed during FFS vary based on an individual's priorities and facial features, but the surgery frequently includes work to address the forehead, nose, chin, and jawline. Coverage by health insurance varies significantly by location; some US states have passed laws requiring health insurance companies to cover FFS.

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