Internal energy
Energy contained within a system
Internal energy
The internal energy, in thermodynamics, is the property that defines the energy of a thermodynamic system usually in the absence of effects from electric, magnetic or any other external fields which can be source of potential energy. It also excludes the kinetic energy of motion. The notion of internal energy is present in the expression of the first law of thermodynamics as a state variable, as originally formulated by the German scientist Rudolf Clausius, one of the founders of thermodynamics who is also the author of the notion of entropy as a state variable. The total internal energy of a system cannot practically be measured. Thermodynamics concerns changes in the internal energy, not its absolute value. The processes that change the internal energy are transfers of energy or matter, into or out of the system, as heat or by thermodynamic work. These processes can be measured as changes in the system's properties, such as temperature, entropy, volume, electric polarization, and molar...
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