Pre-Sumerian substratum
Hypothetical unclassified languages of late Neolithic Mesopotamia
Pre-Sumerian substratum
The Pre-Sumerian substratum is a hypothetical unclassified language or languages which were considered by some Assyriologists (such as Samuel Noah Kramer) to be substratum languages, spoken by the people who introduced farming into Southern Iraq in the Early Ubaid period (5300–4700 BC), and preserved in the vocabulary of the Sumerian language. Gonzalo Rubio challenged the substratum hypothesis, arguing that there is evidence of borrowing from more than one language, including Akkadian and Hurrian, and that many terms attributed to a Proto-Euphratean or Proto-Tigridic substratum are of native Sumerian origin.
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