Conquest of Wales by Edward I

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The conquest of Wales by Edward I took place between 1277 and 1283. It is also known as the Edwardian conquest of Wales, to distinguish it from the earlier parial Norman invasion of Wales. In two campaigns, in 1277 and 1282–83, respectively, Edward I of England first greatly reduced the territory of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ("Llywelyn the Last"), and then completely overran it, as well as the other remaining Welsh principalities. By the 13th century, Wales was divided between native Welsh principalities and the territories of the Anglo-Norman Marcher lords. The leading principality was Gwynedd, whose princes had gained control of the greater part of the country, making the other remaining Welsh princes their vassals, and had taken the title Prince of Wales. Although kings of England had made several attempts to seize control of the native Welsh territories, it was not until Edward's war of conquest against Llywelyn, the last independent prince of Wales, that this was achieved on a lasting basis...

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