The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
1852 essay by Karl Marx on the 1851 French coup d'état
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (German: Der 18te Brumaire des Louis Napoleon) is an essay written by Karl Marx between December 1851 and March 1852, and originally published in 1852 in Die Revolution, a German monthly magazine published in New York City by Marxist Joseph Weydemeyer. A second German edition, revised by Marx, was published in Hamburg in 1869 under the title Der 18. Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, with a new preface by Marx. The essay serves as a major historiographic application of Marx's theory of historical materialism. The Eighteenth Brumaire focuses on the 1851 French coup d'état, by which Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of the Second Republic, became the emperor of the Second French Empire as Napoleon III. The title refers to 9 November 1799 in the French Revolutionary Calendar – the day when his uncle, the first Napoléon Bonaparte, had made himself dictator by a coup d'etat fifty-two years earlier. The essay seeks to explain how capitalism and class struggle...
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