Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war
Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war began diplomatically and later escalated militarily. After a decade of relatively friendly relations with Syria from 2000 to 2010, Turkey condemned Syrian President Bashar al-Assad over the violent crackdown on protests in 2011 and, from the beginning of the war, Turkey trained defectors of the Syrian Army in its territory under the supervision of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MİT), among whom emerged the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in July 2011. The Turkish government's involvement further evolved into border clashes in 2012, and direct military interventions in 2016–20 and 2022, resulting in the Turkish occupation of northern Syria since August 2016. In December 2024, Turkish proxy forces were involved in the 2024 Syrian rebel offensive which toppled the Assad regime in Damascus, becoming one of the most influential parties during the conflict. Until 2016, Turkey had addressed the Syrian civil war through international diplomacy...
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