Common
Post-Fordism
State of industry since the late 20th century
Post-Fordism
Post-Fordism describes a shift in production methods that emerged in the 1980s in response to the stagnation and profitability crisis of Fordist production, which had become rigid, bureaucratic, and less profitable. Post-Fordism is defined by flexible production, the individualization of labor relations and fragmentation of markets into distinct segments. The concept of post-Fordism was originally invented by the economist Robin Murray in the British magazine Marxism Today in 1988. The concept of "Fordism", as a distinct phase in the history of capitalist industrialization, was first developed by Antonio Gramsci in 1934. It gained further attention through Michel Aglietta's book Régulation et crises du capitalisme in 1976. Since the 1980s, the labels of "Fordism" and "post-Fordism" have been widely adopted by labor economists in Europe and North America. However, the exact definition of post-Fordism remains debated among scholars. Fordism was the leading business model for industrial mass...
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