Western Marxism

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Western Marxism is a current of Marxist theory that emerged in Western Europe and Central Europe following the failure of proletarian revolutions in the advanced capitalist world after World War I. The term denotes a loose collection of theorists who emphasized the philosophical and cultural aspects of Karl Marx's thought, in contrast to the more economistic and deterministic interpretations of orthodox Marxism and Marxism–Leninism. The movement's key early figures included Georg Lukács, Karl Korsch, and Antonio Gramsci. Later theorists associated with Western Marxism include the members of the Frankfurt School (such as Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Walter Benjamin), as well as Jean-Paul Sartre, Henri Lefebvre, Louis Althusser, and Jürgen Habermas. The tradition emerged from the historical context of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and the crushing of revolutionary movements in countries like Germany, Hungary, and Italy between 1918 and 1923. This defeat...

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