Common
Post hoc analysis
Statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen
Post hoc analysis
In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin post hoc, "after this") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen. A post hoc analysis is usually used to explore specific, statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups-- differences detected with an analysis of variance (ANOVA). An ANOVA does not identify the group(s); for that, a post hoc analysis is required. Because each post hoc analysis is effectively a statistical test, conducting multiple post hoc comparisons introduces a family-wise error rate problem, which is a type of multiple testing problem. This increases the likelihood of false positives unless corrected. Post hoc tests are follow-up tests performed after a significant ANOVA result to identify where the differences lie (which specific groups differ). To compensate, multiple post hoc testing procedures are sometimes used, but that is often difficult or impossible to do precisely. Post hoc...
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