Northernmost point of land
The northernmost point of land on Earth is a contentious issue due to variation of definition. The impermanence (or uncertain permanence) of some of the contenders makes determination difficult. Confounders include ice sheets, water movements and inundation, storm activity that may build, shift, or destroy banks of moraine material, and observational difficulties due to remoteness. However, a bathymetric survey in 2022 confirmed that certain previous contenders, such as 83-42, Qeqertaq Avannarleq, and ATOW1996, are not permanent islands/landmasses as they are not connected to the seabed: they are gravel banks floating on an ice sheet. The following table sets out the main contenders (or previous contenders) for this title. Currently, Kaffeklubben Island is the northernmost undisputed land that permanently remains above water. However, due to the ever-shrinking Arctic ice, there could be more discoveries in the near future. In addition, the Gakkel Ridge has been showing some volcanic activity...
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