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Tonton Macoute
Haitian paramilitary force under the Duvalier family (1959–1986)
Tonton Macoute
The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout [tɔ̃tɔ̃ makut]) or simply the Macoute, was a Haitian paramilitary and secret police force during the Duvalier family rule, created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (macoute) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast. The Macoute were known for their brutality, state terrorism, and assassinations. In 1970, the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale (VSN, English: National Security Volunteers). Though formally disbanded in 1986, its members continued to terrorize the country.
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