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History of New Mexico
The history of New Mexico spans more than 12,000 years, beginning with the earliest human settlements in the region and continuing through Indigenous civilizations, Spanish colonization, Mexican governance, and incorporation into the United States. Its development reflects a long continuity of Indigenous presence alongside layers of cultural exchange, conflict, and adaptation among Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo populations. Before European contact, the region was home to complex societies including the Ancestral Puebloans, Mogollon, and later Pueblo peoples, whose descendants continue to live in the area. In 1598, Spain established one of the northernmost provinces of its empire in North America, centered on Santa Fe, making it one of the oldest continuously governed regions in the present-day United States. Colonial rule was marked by missionary activity, cultural exchange, and resistance, most notably the Pueblo Revolt, in which Indigenous peoples temporarily expelled Spanish authorities...
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