Monad (functional programming)

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In functional programming, monads are a way to structure computations as a sequence of steps, where each step produces a value, plus some extra information about the computation, such as a potential failure, non-determinism, or side effect. More formally, a monad is a type constructor M equipped with two operations, return : <A>(a : A) -> M(A) which lifts a value into the monadic context, and bind : <A,B>(m_a : M(A), f : A -> M(B)) -> M(B) which chains monadic computations. In simpler terms, monads can be thought of as interfaces implemented on type constructors, that allow for functions to abstract over various type constructor variants that implement monad (e.g. Option, List, etc.). Both the concept of a monad and the term originally come from category theory, where a monad is defined as an endofunctor with additional structure. Research beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s established that monads could bring seemingly disparate computer-science problems under a unified, functional...

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