James Francis Edward Stuart

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James Francis Edward Stuart (10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766), also known as the Old Pretender and the Chevalier de St. George, was the senior House of Stuart claimant to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1701 until his death in 1766. The only surviving son of James II of England and his second wife, Mary of Modena, he was created Prince of Wales. He was heir apparent until his Catholic father was deposed and exiled in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. His Protestant half-sister Mary II and her husband William III and II became co-monarchs. As a Catholic, he was subsequently excluded from the succession by the Bill of Rights 1689. James Francis Stuart claimed the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland upon the death of his father, in September 1701. As part of the War of the Spanish Succession, Louis XIV of France backed a planned invasion in Scotland in 1708 on his behalf, which failed, as did additional attempts in Jacobite rising of 1715 and Jacobite rising of 1719; after...

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