Greek Magical Papyri
Body of papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt
Greek Magical Papyri
The Greek Magical Papyri (Latin: Papyri Graecae Magicae, abbreviated PGM) is the name given by scholars to a body of papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt, written mostly in ancient Greek (but also in Old Coptic, Demotic, etc.), which each contain a number of magical spells, formulae, hymns, and rituals. The materials in the papyri date from the 100s BCE to the 400s CE. The manuscripts came to light through the antiquities trade, from the 18th century onward. One of the best known of these texts is the Mithras Liturgy. The texts were published in a series. Individual texts are referenced using the abbreviation PGM plus the volume and item number. Each volume contains a number of spells and rituals. Those listed by Preisendanz went up to PGM LXXXI (81). Further discoveries of similar texts from elsewhere have been allocated further PGM numbers for convenience.
Read on Wikipedia · Image Originally drawn by Greco-Roman mystics, photo taken by Monique van der Veen, Public domain
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