Second Viennese School
Group of composers in 20th century Vienna
Second Viennese School
The Second Viennese School (German: Zweite Wiener Schule, Neue Wiener Schule) was a group of composers that comprised Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils, particularly Alban Berg and Anton Webern, and close associates in early 20th-century Vienna. Their music was initially characterized by late-Romantic expanded tonality and later, a totally chromatic expressionism without a firm tonal centre, often referred to as atonality; and later still, Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique. Using this technique when composing, Schoenberg employed all 12 tones present in Western music's chromatic scale when forming a melody, this melody being the "prime series". This method would later be enhanced in compositions by Schoenberg and his followers through permutations such as "retrogrades", "inversions", "transformations" etc. Later, composers such as Pierre Boulez drew influence from Schoenberg's technique in furthering serialization; serializing not only pitch but rhythm, articulation, and dynamics...
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