Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
Landmark case in Indian constitutional law
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India that significantly expanded the interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. The Court overruled A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras which had held that fundamental rights were exclusive and independent of each other. Instead, the Court established that Articles 14, 19, and 21 were interlinked, forming what is known as the 'golden triangle' of the Constitution. It held that any law depriving a person of "personal liberty" must satisfy all three provisions. The Court further ruled that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be just, fair, and reasonable, rejecting earlier interpretations that allowed arbitrary or oppressive state action. This decision marked a fundamental shift in Indian constitutional law, prioritizing individual rights over a restrictive reading of state power and underlining the importance of 'due process of law'. Legal scholars have described...
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