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The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism
Fictional book in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four
The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism
The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism is a fictional book in George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. It is supposedly written by Emmanuel Goldstein, the principal enemy of the state of Oceania's ruling party. The Party portrays Goldstein as a former member of the Inner Party who conspired to depose Big Brother and overthrow the government. In the novel, the protagonist, Winston Smith, obtains the banned book from O'Brien, an apparent friend. It is also simply referred to as "the book". Orwell modelled Goldstein on Leon Trotsky; Goldstein's book was a parody of Trotsky's 1937 critique of the Soviet Union entitled The Revolution Betrayed. Orwell was also influenced by the theory of bureaucratic collectivism popular in the late 1930s, particularly the writings of American philosopher James Burnham, a former Trotskyist. His 1941 book The Managerial Revolution predicts the emergence of three superstates being at war for world domination. This inspired Orwell...
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