Mandala (political model)
Southeast Asian pseudo-feudalistic political model between 5th and 15th century
Mandala (political model)
In the historiography of premodern Southeast Asia, a mandala (Sanskrit: मण्डल, romanized: maṇḍala, lit. 'circle') is a pattern of political organization characterized by overlapping spheres of influence rather than fixed territorial boundaries. Mandala relationships were based primarily on personal ties between an overlord and subordinate rulers. Tributaries could be required to provide tribute, men, and supplies in exchange for protection and reciprocal gifts, while generally retaining control over their own internal affairs. These relationships varied in strength and were not necessarily exclusive: a ruler could acknowledge more than one stronger power. Among the polities associated with the mandala model are the Khmer Empire, Srivijaya, the Javanese kingdoms of Mataram, Kediri, Singhasari, and Majapahit, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Champa, early Đại Việt, Lan Xang, and Lanna. European colonization in the 19th century introduced fixed territorial boundaries and more exclusive forms of sovereignty...
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