Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad

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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Arabic: جماعة التوحيد والجهاد, romanized: Jamā'at al-Tawḥīd wa-l-Jihād, lit. 'Group of Monotheism and Jihad'), abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a Salafi jihadist militant group. It was founded in Jordan in 1999, and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11) the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters with a considerable Iraqi membership. On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as Al-Qaeda in Iraq or Tanzim). After several mergers with other groups and the formation of the Mujahideen Shura Council, it changed its name several times until it called itself Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006. The group is often seen as the predecessor of the Islamic State.

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