Timeline of the Battle of Tumu

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The Battle of Tumu was a battle in Chinese history, fought on 1 September 1449, between the Ming dynasty and the Oirat Mongols. In July 1449, Esen Taishi, leader of the Oirat Mongols, launched a large-scale, three-pronged invasion of China. Emperor Yingzong of Ming, on the advice of the eunuch Wang Zhen, decided to personally lead an expedition northward to confront Esen, despite protests from experienced generals. The Ming army was ill-prepared and became scattered during its advance. When it reached the Tumu post station, it was in a vulnerable position, trapped in narrow terrain with limited water and supplies. Esen then employed deceptive tactics to lure the Ming forces into an ambush, and Mongol cavalry units quickly surrounded them, cutting off their retreat. Meanwhile, Wang Zhen, who held de facto command, was indecisive and ignored advice from his generals to organize a withdrawal. Esen's troops subsequently overwhelmed and defeated the Ming army, killed tens of thousands of soldiers...

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