Changes in the course of the Yellow River
The Yellow River is known for its heavy sediment, frequent levee breaches, and frequent changes in course. Many river channel migrations over history inspired the saying, "it breaches its banks twice in three years and changes course once in a century." At its northernmost extent, the river once flowed into the Hai River and entered the sea at Dagu Forts. At its southernmost extent, it flowed through the Huai River system and ultimately joined the Yangtze River. Historical records indicate that between 602 BCE and 1946, the Yellow River breached its banks and flooded 1,593 times and underwent 26 major course changes. These course shifts, especially the six major migrations that impacted present-day Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, and Jiangsu, dramatically altered settlement patterns, agriculture, and local livelihoods in these regions. Except for a small number of human-induced events, most course changes occurred due to natural levee breaches. In particular, this was evident after the Tang...
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