Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India

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The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the controversial Emergency period (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history. Owing to its size, it is nicknamed the Mini-Constitution. Many parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and constitution amending clause itself, were changed by the 42nd Amendment...

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