Umayyad campaigns in India

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During the first half of the 8th century, a series of battles took place in the Indian subcontinent between the Umayyad Caliphate and Indian kingdoms situated to the east of the Indus River, beginning with the Arab conquest of Sindh (present day Pakistan) during 711–713. The Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) launched a few raids into India, but no larger campaign took place. The second wave of military expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate lasted from 692 to 718. The reign of Al-Walid I (705–715) saw the most dramatic Umayyad conquests in a period of barely ten years; North Africa, Hispania, Transoxiana, and Sindh were subdued and conquered by the Arabs. Sindh, ruled by King Dahir of the Brahmin Chach dynasty, was captured by the Umayyad general Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, which became a second-level province of the Caliphate (iqlim) and a suitable base for excursions into India, but, after Ibn al-Qasim's departure in 715 most of his captured territories were recaptured by Indian kings. Yazid II (720...

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